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LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


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Class 


ZTbe  THniversttp  of 

FOUNDED  BY  JOHN  D.  ROCKEFELLER 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES 
IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


A    DISSERTATION    SUBMITTED    TO    THE     FACULTY    OF   THE    GRADUATE 
DIVINITY    SCHOOL,  IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DECREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
(DEPARTMENT  OF  OLD  TESTAMENT  LITERATURE  AND  EXEGESIS) 


BY 
ALOIS    BARTA 


CHICAGO 
1901 


PRINTED    BY 

IHnfversftE  ot  Gbfcago  press 
1901 


SYNTAX  OF   THE    SENTENCES   IN   ISAIAH  40-66. 


The  summaries  in  the  following  pages  represent  in  part  the 
results  of  a  systematic  study  of  the  syntax  of  sentences  in  Isaiah, 
chaps.  40-66.  My  object  was  to  investigate  the  different  kinds 
of  sentences  and  classify  the  results.  This  was  done  without 
reference  to  the  literary  and  critical  problems  connected  with 
the  book. 

The  purpose  of  the  tables  is  twofold :  first,  to  present  some 
of  the  more  interesting  stylistic  and  syntactical  characteristics  of 
these  chapters ;  second,  to  show  their  bearing  on  the  question  of 
the  unity  of  the  book.  Syntax  may  not  be  the  strongest  argument 
in  a  discussion  of  literary  authorship ;  it  has  nevertheless  at  least 
as  much  weight,  if  not  more  than  enumeration  of  words  and 
phrases.  For  it  has  been  correctly  observed  that  syntax  indicates 
more  clearly  a  writer's  method  of  thinking  than  does  his  choice 
of  words  and  phrases. 

The  division  of  the  book  adopted  is  due  chiefly  to  recent  dis- 
cussions of  the  problems  connected  therewith.  Stade,1  Cornill3 
et  al.  doubl  that  chaps.  63-66  come  in  their  present  form  from 
the  author  of  chaps.  40-62;  Duhm,8  Marti4  et  al.  assign  chaps. 
56-66  to  a  different  writer.  This  suggested  the  division  into 
chaps.  40-55,  56-62,  63-66.  The  first  section  was  subdivided 
into  chaps.  40-48,  49-55,  not  only  because  40-48  form  a  uniform 
and  closely  unified  series  of  prophetic  discourses,  but  also  for  the 
sake  of  convenience  in  comparisons.  Two  classes  of  passages, 
which  required  special  notice,  have  been  separated  from  the  rest 
of  the  book  :  first,  the  Ebed  Yahweh  passages  (42:1-4  ;  49:1-6  ; 
50:4-9;  52:13 — 53:12);  then  two  passages  on  the  foolishness 
of  idolatry,  which  are  treated  as  glosses  by  Duhm  (44:9-20; 
46:6-8).  It  is  impossible  in  this  connection  to  take  up  all  the 
other  alleged  glosses  of  minor  importance.  The  different  sections 

1  Oeschichte  des  Volkes  Israel,  II,  p.  70,  note.  3  Das  Buch  Jesaia,  p.  xviii. 

2  Einleitung  in  das  Alte  Testament*,  p.  161.  *  Das  Buch  Jesaia,  pp.  361  sq. 

3 

^  *? 


4  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

are  indicated  by  the  following  letters :  A  —  chaps.  40-48  ;  B  = 
49-55  ;  C  =  56-62  ;  D  =  63-66  ;  E  =  the  Ebed  Yahweh  pas- 
sages ;  I  =  the  two  passages  on  idol-worship. 

A  discussion  of  the  syntactical  features  of  doubtful  and 
difficult  passages  is  impossible  in  the  brief  space  allowed,  and 
inconvenient  because  it  would  seriously  interfere  with  the  unity 
of  presentation.  Notes  on  special  passages  have  been  reserved 
for  future  publication.  As  my  purpose  was  to  classify  the 
material  presented  by  our  present  Hebrew  text,  only  those 
textual  changes  have  been  made  which  were  demanded  by 
syntax. 

1.  Table  I.  shows  how  the  pronominal  subject  (both  of  nominal 
and  verbal  sentences)  is  strengthened  either  by  repetition,  e.  </., 
43:25,  or  by  an  apposition  (pronoun  of  the  third  person,  e.  g., 
41:45,  or  a  noun,  e.  g.,  41:47). 

I.     INDEPENDENT    PRONOUNS    AS    SUBJECTS. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

Strengthened  by 
(1)  repetition 

3 

1 

1 

5 

(2)  the  pronoun  of  the  third 
person  

4 

4 

8 

(3)  nouns  

13 

1 

2 

1 

17 

Remark  1. —  Usually  the  pronoun  is  in  the  first  person,  and 
God  the  logical  subject ;  the  nominal  appositions  are  as  a  rule 
divine  names.  This  is  due  to  the  controversial  style  of  the 
earliest  chapters,  where  Yahweh  is  so  often  introduced  as  speaker 
and  his  uniqueness  and  power  contrasted  with  the  nothingness  of 
heathen  idols. 

Remark  2. — Some  of  the  cases  under  (2)  in  the  table  are 
doubtful.  In  some  cases  the  pronoun  of  the  third  person  might 
be  perhaps  treated  as  a  copula  (e.  g.,  43:25a  ;  46:4«  ;  51:12a,  19a, 
etc.).  This  position  is  strenuously  defended  by  Konig.5  On  the 
other  hand,  Kautzsch  denies  even  that  flSH  in  51:19o  is  a  copula 
and  translates  it  "ilia."6  In  some  cases,  e.  g.,  43: 10,  13,  etc.,  the 
pronoun  is  explained  as  predicate  by  Davidson  ;7  this  is  most 
probably  the  case  in  48 : 12.7  The  material  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40-66, 
is  hardly  sufficient  to  decide  the  question,  but  it  seems  to  me  that 


&  Syntax, 


6  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  122g. 


i  Syntax,  §  106,  rem.  2. 


SYNTAX  or  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


most  of  the  cases  can  be  explained  as  pronominal  appositions. 
The  pronoun  of  the  third  person  as  a  copula  is  very  rare  in  these 
chapters. 

II.    ORDER  OF  WORDS  IN  THE  NOMINAL  SENTENCES 
(SIMPLE  PROPOSITION). 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Regular: 
Subject-predicate  

29 

9 

16 

10 

8 

] 

73 

2.  Inverted   (pred.-subj.),  the 
predicate  being 
(ci)  a  noun                  .    .  . 

4 

4 

4 

2 

14 

(b)  a  participle  
(c)  an  adjective       

3 

2 
3 

'i 

'i 

5 
4 

(d)  a  preposition           .  . 

4 

1 

1 

6 

11 

10 

2 

4 

3 

29 

2.  In  the  verbal  sentences  only  a  few  peculiarities  of  the 
predicate  have  been  noticed  : 

(a)  Verbal  apposition  in  47:16,s  56;8  52:16. 

(b)  Infinitive  absolute  for  a  finite  verb,  42:20a  (Kt.  perfect), 
206,9  22£;10  59:46  (four  times),  13  (six  times). 

(c)  STfi  and  participle  for  a  perfect,  59:2a,  15a,  /3. 
Remark  1. — The  text  of  44: 14a,  where  an  infinitive  construct 

is  used  independently,  is  undoubtedly  corrupt.  The  infinitive 
cannot  be  connected  with  anything  that  precedes  or  follows. 
Either  a  finite  verb  is  fallen  out  before  it  (Dillmann  :  HblT)  or  it 
is  an  error  for  fTG  (Duhm  et  al.).  Cf.  Dillmann,  ad  loc. 

Remark  2. — The  predicate  is  wanting,  e.  #.,  42:19a;  43:27, 
but  easily  supplied  from  the  context ;  absence  of  the  predicate  is 
an  evidence  of  a  corruption  in  the  text  in  44:12a;  49:19a; 
66:18a. 

III.     SOME    USAGES    OF    THE    VERBAL    PREDICATE. 


A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Infinitive  absolute  
2.  mn  -f  partic.  (=  verb,  fin.) 
3.  Verbal  apposition  

2 
2 

i 

10 
3 

1 

13 
3 
3 

»  Second  fern.  sing,  continued  by  third  plur.  masc.  (indefinite  for  passive). 

9  Cf.  Marti,  ad  loc. ;  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  113z.  Duhm's  change  of  the  text  is  not 
necessary. 

10 The  text  very  doubtful.  Cf.  commentaries,  ad  loc.  (Even  R,  V.,  "They  are  all  of 
them  snared  in  holes"). 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


IV.  OKDER  OF  WORDS  IN  SIMPLE  VERBAL  PROPOSITIONS. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Regular  

156 

52 

77 

67 

27 

39 

418 

2.  Predicate,  etc.  :  " 
on  account  of  emphasis.  . 
because  of  chiasm 

38 
4 

5 

30 
3 

8 

3 

84 

7 

3.  Subject,  etc.  : 
emphasis  

45 

17 

29 

25 

11 

3 

130 

chiasm  

2 

3 

3 

1 

2 

11 

4.  Object,  etc.  : 
emphasis  . 

15 

5 

11 

4 

5 

4.  . 

44 

chiasm  .   .       

13 

3 

20 

2 

I 

39 

5.  Adverb,  etc.  : 
emphasis  

2 

4 

2 

1  * 

1 

10 

chiasm  

1 

1 

6.  Preposition,  etc.  : 
emphasis 

1 

18 

18 

10 

14 

6 

67 

chiasm  ... 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

7.  Pred.  nom.,  etc.  : 
emphasis  

1 

1 

3.  In  connection  with  the  copulation  of  the  sentences  I  have 
observed  the  following  peculiarities  in  the  tenses  of  the  verb : 

(a)  In  some  cases  *]  simple  and  the  perfect  are  used  to  continue 
a  perfect,  where  we  would  expect  as  a  rule  1  consecutive  and  the 
imperfect,  e.g.,  40:127,  S;  41:4a;  43:12  (twice),  146;  48:156; 
55:10e;  55:10?;  44:15a,  7. 

(6)  Sometimes  1  simple  and  the  imperfect  occur  instead  of 
the  consecutive  1  with  the  imperfect.  This  seems  to  be  due  to  the 
desire  of  an  editor  or  copyist  to  transform  a  statement  concern- 
ing the  past  into  a  prediction.  The  text  ought  to  be  changed 
undoubtedly  to  read  1  consecutive,12  41:5a;  42:6a;13  43:9a,  28a; 
48:3/3;  49:56;  51:28;  57:17a;  63:37,  *,  *,  6a,  0,  6a,  0,  7. 

(c)  There  are  a  few  cases  where  1  simple  (separated  from  the 
verb)  is  used  for  1  consecutive  with  the  imperfect,1*  e.  g.,  40:18/9, 
246;  44:236(?);  45:13/9;  49:13S(?);  44:146,  18/9,  19a(?), 
20/9(?). 

Remark  1. —  Changes  of  the  order  of  words  due  to  chiasm  are 
very  common  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40—66. 

Remark  2. —  Contraction  of  sentences  (about  eighty  cases,  if 
we  count  only  those  in  which  two  or  more  parts  of  the  contracted 
sentences  are  different)  is  most  common  in  the  early  chapters,  and 
is  due  to  their  poetic  form. 

11  Usually  with  slight  modifications  of  the  regular  order. 

12  Cf.  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  1076,  note ;  Konig,  §  366£,  and  commentaries,  ad  loc. 

13  Parallel  with  a  perfect.  1*  Cf.  Konig,  §  366. 


SYNTAX  OP  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


Remark  3. —  A  positive  statement  is  restated  in  negative 
terms,  or  vice  versa,  e.  g.,  41:93;  42:166,  246,  etc.  Very  often 
this  form  is  used  to  make  more  emphatic  statements  concerning 
the  uniqueness  of  Yahweh,  e.  g.,  43:11 ;  44:66,  86,  etc. 

Remark  4. —  Questions  (usually  rhetorical)  continue  some- 
times simple  positive  or  negative  propositions,  or  vice  versa 
(syndetically),  e.  g.,  43:9,  136;  44:7a,  86;  45:96;  48:6a,  etc. 

V.     GROUPING    OF    SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

a.    Chiasm  

40 

17 

21 

14 

92 

6.15  (I)16  Syndetic  

133 

71 

112 

86 

17 

27 

446 

Asyndetic  

159 

55 

74 

42 

14 

20 

364 

(2)17  Syndetic  

83 

30 

50 

27 

25 

2 

217 

Asyndetic  

31 

18 

15 

6 

6 

1 

77 

(3)18  Syndetic  

18 

11 

15 

16 

5 

3 

68 

Asyndetic  

5 

2 

3 

2 

12 

(4)  Posit.-negat.  or  negat.- 
posit  

8 

1 

4 

2 

2 

17 

The  same  referring  to 
Yahweh's  uniqueness 

10 

10 

c.    Cltf  

18 

6 

24 

D3  or  D31  

6 

2 

3 

11 

Tfc*.. 

4 

1 

5 

y         

"IDb  or  IID"!?!?  .  .  . 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

"^3  or  DX""1^ 

3 

2 

5 

4.  Both  the  imperative  and  the  jussive  are  used  quite  fre- 
quently to  make  the  style  more  vivid.  The  different  sections  are 
often  introduced  by  a  command  to  the  prophet  to  preach,  or  to 
the  audience  (frequently  imaginary)  to  listen.  Persons,  nations, 
lands,  etc.,  are  addressed  directly,  as  if  the  prophet  (or  his  God) 
spake  to  them  ;  coming  events  are  represented  as  due  to  imme- 
diate commands  of  Yahweh,  etc. 

Remark  1. — Sometimes  (when  absent  persons  or  poetic  per- 
sonifications are  addressed)  (a)  the  imperative  passes  into  a 
jussive — usually  of  the  third  person — 41:la(  ?),19  21sg.;  45:116 
(jussive  of  second  person),  21a;  (6)  the  jussive  is  followed  by 
an  imperative,  41:22. 

is  Syndesis  and  asyndesis.          i«  Progressive.          1?  Synonymous.          is  Contrast. 

19 Text  doubtful;  J1D  IS^blT  most  probably  dittography  from  40:31a  (Duhm  et  al. 
following  Lagarde).  Dillmann's  explanation,  "strength  is  needed  for  controversy  with 
Yahweh,"  is  weak.  Such  an  idea  is  never  even  suggested  in  the  numerous  controversial 
passages  in  2  Isaiah.  The  phrase  is  out  of  place  in  the  context. 


8 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


Remark  2. —  The  rhetorical  uses  of  the  imperative  and  the 
jussive  may  be  roughly  divided  into  the  following  four  classes  : 

(a)  introducing  a  new  strophe  or  section  (usually  verbs  of 
speaking  and  hearing),  e.  g.,  40:1,  9  ;  41:1 ;  42:18  ;  44:1,  21,  etc.; 

(b)  adding  color  or  emphasis  to  a  description,  e.  g.,  40:3,  9 ; 
41:1,  21;  44:11;  43:9,  26,  etc.; 

(c)  ironical,  47: 12  sq.;  57: 13  ;20 

(d)  making  statements  concerning  the  future  more  vivid  and 
more  emphatic,  or  representing  them  as  due  to  direct  commands 
of  Yahweh,  e.  g.,  43:6,  8;  44:26,28;  47:lsgg.,  5;  48: 20,  etc. 

Remark  3. —  The  cohortative  is  not  very  frequent;  it  occurs 
in  41:18,  226  (twice),  23  (3),  26  (2);  43:26a;  50:8)8;  56:12a 
(twice);  59:10a,  /3.  In  the  last  passage  it  is  used  to  express  an 
obligation,  "We  must " 

VI.  RHETORICAL  USES  OF  THE  IMPERATIVE  AND  JUSSIVE. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Introducing  a   strophe   or 
section  .... 

18 

8 

1 

1 

1 

29 

2.  Adding  color  (or  emphasis) 
to  description  

12 

5 

1 

1 

19 

3.  Ironical  

1 

1 

2 

4.  =  Emphat.  or  vivid  future  . 

8 

7 

2 

2 

•• 

•• 

19 

VII.  EXCLAMATORY  PARTICLES  AND  NOUNS. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

i    nan  

9 

5 

6 

11 

1 

32 

in 

5 

7 

4 

2 

3 

1 

22 

Total  

14 

12 

10 

13 

4 

1 

54 

2.    "hn 

2 

1 

3 

3.     »ra 

2 

2 

4.    Vip  

2 

1 

3 

6 

5.  *HIDK 

1 

1 

VIII.  OATHS  AND  OPTATIVE  SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Oaths  

pi 

222 
123 

> 

•• 

3 

2 

2   Optative  sentences 

20  If  the  text  is  correct.                  21  1}J$  ifj  (Yahweh).                  22  Imperfect  +  Qfcj}  . 
23  Nominal  sentence  without  special  indication.                               24  Rffo  +  perfect. 

SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


9 


5.  Few  peculiarities  have  been  found  in  interrogative  sen- 
tences.    The  following  points  may  be  noticed  here : 

(a)  44:19f,77;25  63:157;  64 :4S26  are  probably  questions  with- 
out special  indication  of  their  interrogative  character.    They  may 
have  been  indicated  by  the  tone  of  the  speaker's  voice ;   in  the 
absence  of  that  criterion  their  character  is  doubtful  and  to  be 
decided  chiefly  by  their  context. 

(b)  The  members  of  a  double  question   are  synonymous  in 
66:8/3,7   (H  +  D«),  49:24a-6    (Jl  +  QSfi);    40:28a-/3   (ribn  + 
rib"Dfc<) ;  the  second  is  the  restatement  of  the  first  in  negative 
terms  in  50 :  2S-e   (n  +  "$  EfcO),   and  vice   versa  in   66:9a-6 

(rib  n 


IX.     SOME    RHETORICAL    USES    OF    THE    INTERROGATIVE     SENTENCE. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.27  abn  

12 

1 

1 

1 

15 

2.28     n 

4 

1 

1 

1 

7 

Some  with  i£  ,  !TD  

8 

2 

1 

2 

4 

17 

s.29  msb  . 

1 

1 

1 

n?i 

3 

4  30  Form  various  

5 

L-1-'  J 
1 

6 

5.31      " 

6 

4 

1 

8 

4 

23 

(c)  The  use  of  interrogative  sentences  is  mostly  rhetorical. 
Hence  an  answer  is  rarely  given  or  expected  and  the  questions 
pass  easily  into  positive  or  negative  affirmations. 

(a)  Interrogative  sentences  with  ribl"!  are  used  for  emphatic 
positive  statements,  e.  g.,  40:21 ;  42:24a;  43:19/3,  etc. 

(13)  Many  questions  occur  instead  of  emphatic  negative  propo- 
sitions ;  questions  introduced  by  H  (all  cases  in  Isaiah,  chaps. 
40-66,  e.  g.,  44:88;  45:97;  49:15a,  etc.),  by  ^  (=  Nobody 

did ,  e.#.,40:13sg.,18a,&,25a,etc.),by  fta  (=  Nothing , 

45:97),  and  by  fit  "»  (=  Nowhere  .  .  .  .,  50:1/3). 

25  C/.  DiUmann,  ad  loc. 

26  The  text  is  doubtful.    The  sentence  7^131  might  be  translated  "  but  we  shall  be 
saved ;"  but  it  would  not  suit  the  context  as  weU  as  a  question :  "Thou  (O  God)  art  gracious 
to  those  who  keep  thy  statutes  (4a).    But  we  have  sinned  against  them ;  can  we  be  saved  T' 
(C/.  Revised  Version.)    The  question  expresses  wonder  and  doubt.    Recent  exegetes  emend 
the  text,  suggesting  various  parallels  to  ^tinS1!  •    ^riSl  of  Ewald  would  be  perhaps  the 
most  suitable  reading ;  c/.  LXX,  ejrAavTjflijMev!  *" 

27  =  Emphatic  positive  statement.     28  =  Emphatic  negative  statement.     29  =  A  rebuke. 
so  Interrogative  sentence  expressing  a  wish,  prayer,  or  command,  etc. 

3!  Interrogative  sentences  with  a  shade  of  doubt  or  wonder. 


10 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


(7)  Questions  with  TOb  have  the  meaning  of  a  rebuke 
(40:27a;  55:2a;  58:3a;  except  63: 17o?). 

(S)  Some  questions  express  a  prayer,  wish,  or  command,  e.  g., 
40:21;  42:23;  43:9%  19/3;  48:6/3;  63:17a  (negative). 

(e)  Many  of  the  questions  have  a  shade  of  doubt  or  wonder, 
e.  g.,  40:21;  40:28;  43:19/3;  44:10a,  etc. 

Remark. — In  the  coordinated  sentences,  50:2a,  y8;  58:3a,  /3 ; 
66:9a,  6,  the  second  has  an  interrogative  force,  the  first  is  tem- 
poral,32 e.  g.,  58:3a,  "[When]  we  fast,  why  dost  thou  not  see  ?" 

6.  The  following  minor  points  have  been  noticed  in  the  nega- 
tive sentences : 

(a)  btf  is  used  once  with  a  noun  in  prohibition,  62:66  (bx 
'32T  =  "Let  there  be  no  peace  to  you"  =  "Do  not  keep 
quiet ;"  c/.  ve.  la :  ib  W  Wltl 


X.     THE   NEGATIVE    PABTICLES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.    tfb  -j-  perfect  

34 

3 

13 

16 

7 

2 

75 

fcfcb  -j-  imperfect     

39 

23 

23 

17 

11 

7 

120 

fcfcb  -j-  noun 

2 

1 

4 

2 

9 

fcw  -I-  preposition 

6(5?) 

2(-f4) 

12 

2.    b3  -f-  perfect  

3 

3 

521  -j-  imperfect  

1 

3 

4 

3.    bfcfc  -}-  jussive      

12 

6 

4 

4 

26 

bfcfc  -j-  noun 

1 

1 

4.  "p8  +  noun  or  participle.  .  . 
•p}£  _|_  preposition 

29 

7 
1 

11 

5 

•• 

1 

53 
1 

5   OStf  or  ^DSK                 .... 

5 

1 

6 

(6)  fcfcb  and  'pSl  sometimes  form  one  concept  with  a  noun, 
e.  g.,  55:26  (Ofib  Kb  Wl'iob  tfb  —  b  and  infinitive  construct!); 
65:27  (lit)  Kb  =  "not  good"  =  "bad");  40  :  29/3  (D"31»  ftf  = 
"  weak,"  governed  by  preposition  b)  ;  59:10/3  (DT?  f»  =  "blind," 
governed  by  5). 

(c)  1  »b  is  used  for  J*b^  ("without")  in  45:13e;  c/.  55:16; 
48  :  l€  (four  times)  ;  the  meaning  is  doubtful  in  48  :  10a  (Kautzsch- 
Ryssel,33  following  the  Vulgate,  read  t|03'3'  »bl);  likewise  •)"« 
(47:1/8),  1^1  (57:  la;  60:15a),  -pO  (57:16). 


32  Or  with  a  concessive  shade  of  meaning,  58:3a,  0(T)  ;  66:Ba,  6(1). 

33  Die  Heilige  Schrift  deg  Alien  Testaments  :  Textkritische  Erlftuterungen,  ad  loc. 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


11 


(d)  "ptf  and  OS&*  may  be  strengthened  by  TO  and  preposi- 
tional phrases  : 

(a)   TO,  45:5a,  67,  He,  186,  226;  46:10/3;  47:8/3,  106; 

(£)  Tjteo  with  pronominal  suffixes,  43:11£;  44:65;  45: 
6/3,  217. 

(7)   ftblT  with  pronominal  suffixes,  45:5/3,  215. 

7.  The  use  of  asyndetic  relative  sentences34  (without  relative 
particles  and  pronouns)  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40-66,  is  large  and  free. 

Remark. —  Some  asyndetic  sentences  after  nouns  governed 
by  3  of  comparison  seem  to  be  in  a  transitory  stage.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  decide  in  every  case  whether  3  is  a  preposition  or  a  con- 
junction. This  seems  to  be  the  case  in  53:77,  S;  61:10e,  f,  Ha 
(not  in  62:15;  Tfito  is  parallel  with  fiM3) ;  63:14a.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  in  five  cases  (except  53:75;  61:11/3)  the  noun  is 
determined,  while,  as  a  rule,  the  antecedent  of  asyndetic  relative 
sentences  is  undetermined. 


XI.      THE    RELATIVE    SENTENCES. 
1.  Syndesis  (a)  and  asyndesis  (b). 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

a.  (1)  ^TDtf  

10 

15 

11 

14 

2 

1 

53 

(2)  Article  

(3)  IT  

2 

2 

(4)  112  (indef.)  ., 

2 

M 

2 

•"1 

Total.  .    . 

12 

18 

12 

14 

2 

1 

59 

6.  (5)  Asyndetic  

31 

21 

16 

11 

4 

83 

2.  The  antecedent. 


a.  Syndetic: 
(1)  A  substant.  with  article 
(2)  Proper  name 

'i 

4 

2 

2 

4 
8 

(3)  A  substantive  partially 
determined  . 

3 

4. 

6 

5 

18 

(4)  An  undeterm.  substant. 

6.  The  anteced't  of  the  asynd. 
relative  sentence  : 
(1)  An  undetermined  noun 
(2)  A  noun  partially  deter- 
mined 

1 

13 
2 

1 
8 

3 
10 

4 

4 
1 

1 
2 

1 
1 

8 

36 
14 

(3)  A  proper  name 

3 

1 

4 

(4)  A  substant.  with  article 
(5)  A  pronoun 

4 
1 

1 

1 
1 

6 
2 

3*  Cf.  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  Hebrdische  GrammatikW,  §155d;   Eeckendorf:  Die  syntaUi 
schen  Verhdltnisse  des  Arabischen,  §  171. 


12 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


XI.     THE    RELATIVE    SENTENCES   (CONTINUED). 

3.  The  place  of  the  independent  relative  sentence  in  the  main  sentence. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

a.  The  syndetic  : 
(1)  —  the  subject  

1 

3 

4 

(2)  —  a  vocative  

1 

1 

(3)  An  object  (accus.)  

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

8 

(4)  A  genit.  after  a  constr.  . 
(5)  Gov'n'd  by  a  preposit.: 

b.  The  asyndetic  relative  sen- 
tence is  : 
(1)  A  subject 

'i 

3 

'i 

'i 

2 
2 

2 
5 

3 

(2)  —  a  vocative    .     .    . 

2 

2 

(3)  A  pred.  nomin  

2 

2 

(4)  An  object-accusative  .  . 
(5)  A  genit.  after  a  constr.  . 
(6)  Gov'n'd  by  a  preposit.  .  . 

4 

1 

*2 

4 
1 
2 

4.  The  retrospective  pronoun. 


a.  In  the  syndet.  rel.  sentence  : 
(1)  As  object  — 
omitted                 .    ... 

2 

1 

3 

1 

7 

expressed  

2 

1 

1 

4 

(2)  Genitive  expressed  
(3)  Gov'n'd  by  a  preposit.  : 
omitted 

3 

2 

1 
3 

2 
1 

1 
2 

•• 

• 

7 
8 

expressed            

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

b.  In  asyndet.  rel.  sentences  : 
(1)  As  object  — 
expressed            .  . 

6 

2 

8 

omitted  

4 

4 

3 

11 

(2)  As  genitive    suffix    ex- 
gressed                       •  • 

3 

1 

2 

6 

ov'n'd  by  a  preposit.  : 
expressed      

3 

1 

3 

1 

2 

10 

omitted      

1 

2 

3 

8.  The  circumstantial  sentences  present  hardly  any  peculiar! 
ties.     They  may  have  various  shades  of  meaning :  causal,  41 :24$ 
53:5a,  13,   12&(?);    temporal    (65:245),   concessive    (43:8a,  6) 
etc.;    but   there   is   nothing    unusual   in   their    usage  in   Isaiah 
chaps.  40-66. 

9.  The  subject  and  object  clauses  are 
(a)   asyndetic,  42:21/3;  48:87; 

(6)  introduced  by  h3,  e.  g.,  41  : 23£ ;  43:105;  45 : 23e 
50:75,  etc.; 

(c)  infinitive  clauses,  e.  g.,  42:24;  47:11/3,  7;  50:4/3 
51:13e,  etc. 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


13 


Remark. — Verbal  apposition  takes  the  place  of  an  object 
clause  after  qO" ,  47:16,  56;  52:16;35  after  H&O  ,  53:lla.36  The 
first  case  is  remarkable ;  the  governing  verb  is  second  person 
sing,  fern.,  but  the  apposition  is  third  person  plur.  masc.  (indefi- 
nite for  an  impossible  passive). 

XII.     SUBJECT    AND    OBJECT    CLAUSES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1    Independent         

2 

2 

2.  With  13       

15 

2 

6 

23 

3   Infinitive  construct    

7 

5 

1 

13 

4.  Infin.  construct  with  b  

2 

1 

.. 

3 

6 

XIII.     CAUSAL   SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.      13  :  

18 

32 

25 

15 

1 

2 

93 

2.     W1*  .  . 

1 

3 

4 

3.  TCtf37  with  preposition  

1 

1 

2 

Total  

19 

32 

26 

18 

2 

2 

99 

Infinitive  with  preposition  .  .  . 

1 

[1?] 

1 

Remark  1. —  Simple  parataxis  for  a  causal  sentence  is  found, 
e.  g.,  48:21/8. 

Remark  2. —  In  65 : 127,  &  ;  66 : 47,  8  two  coordinated  sentences 
are  introduced  by  the  causal  conjunction,  which  properly  belongs 
to  the  second — the  first  in  the  place  of  a  temporal  sentence. 
Similar  is  the  case  of  comparisons,  where  the  conjunction  pre- 
cedes the  protasis,  the  apodosis  being  a  causal  sentence,  55:9, 
10  sg.;  61:11;  62:5a,  £;  66:22  (cf.  44:3). 

Remark  3. —  In  some  passages  the  causal  sentence  does  not 
give  the  cause  of  the  statement  immediately  preceding,  but  rather 
of  a  section  as  a  whole  in  a  general  way.  This  is  true  especially 
of  m»T  TflK  TO  "*!D,  when  introducing  a  new  section,  e.  g.,  45:1 8a; 
52:3a,  4a ;  57:15a;  not  in  56:4a;  66:12a,  where  HIIT  TDK  TO 
is  put  in  to  make  the  following  statement  more  emphatic.  Cf. 
also  54:9a,  though  the  text  is  very  doubtful.38 — It  is  doubtful 

35  C/.  K0nig,§361. 

86  Cf.  Kautzsch-Ryssel  in  loc.  The  verse  is  freely  emended  by  recent  exegetes ;  cf.  Duhm, 
Marti,  ad  loc. 

43 : 46 ;  'X  nHH ,  53 : 12y.  38  cf.  DiUmann  and  Duhm,  ad  loc. 


14  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


whether  "*  Tatf  HID  "0  in  49  :  25  is  in  its  proper  place  ;  it  separates 
the  answer  in  vs.  25  from  the  rhetorical  question  in  vs.  24.  Duhm 
transposes  it  to  the  beginning  of  vs.  24  ;  Marti  rather  freely  cuts 
out  vs.  24  as  a  gloss. 

11.  Very  few  conditional  sentences  occur  in  Isaiah,  chaps. 
40-66.  —  "Jin  occurs  once  (54:15a).     To  treat  it  as  a  particle  of 
exclamatioii39  is  against  the  context  :  "Oppression  and  terror  will 
not  come  near  thee  [vs.  24]  ;  if  anyone  fights  against  thee  it  is 
not  from  me  [=  with  my  approval,  15a];  whoever  strives  with 
thee  will  fall."     Konig's  claim,  that  an  apodosis  would  be  want- 
ing, fails,  because  02^  and  its  supplement  may  be  an  independent 
sentence;  c/.,  e.  #.,  46:9;  47:8,  10.     The  indefinite  relative   hE 
introduces  a  condition  in  54:156:  If  anyone  .   .   .   .*° 

12,  13.  Concessive  and  restrictive  sentences  are  rare  in  Isaiah, 
chaps.  40-66,  and  do  not  present  any  peculiarities. 

14.  In  comparisons  various  forms  are  used  : 
(a)   Coordination  (asyndetic)  appears  in  62:5a. 
(6)   The  following  conjunctions  are  used  : 


(a)  In  protasis  ^izto,  in  apodosis  —  ,  51:13€;41  66:206; 

(/?)    "         "        "llDto,    "         "  p,  52:14  sq.;  55:  Wsq.;  65:8; 

(y)    "         "          nm    "         "  "p,  54:9/8; 

(3)    «         «  --,    "        «  p,  55:9a;  p»,  40:76. 


Remark  1.  —  An  infinitive  clause  introduced  by  3  stands  in 
the  place  of  a  comparative  sentence  in  64:  la  and  is  continued 
asyndetically  by  a  verbal  sentence  (imperfect). 

Remark  2.  —  There  are  some  cases  of  shortened  comparisons 
(besides  the  simple  3  with  a  noun)  : 

(a)  The  inner  accusative  in  62:56:  "Thy  God  will  rejoice 
over  thee  with  the  joy  of  the  bridegroom  over  the  bride." 

(/3)  3  and  participle,  63:26:  "Thy  garment  is  like  the  gar- 
ment of  one  treading  in  the  wine  press." 

(7)  One  of  the  things  which  are  compared  is  the  subject,  the 
other  a  predicate  (both  participles),  66:3a,  e.g.,  "He  that  kills 
an  ox  (is  like  him)  that  slays  a  man  ;"  c/.  Revised  Version,  Dill- 
mann,  Duhm,  Marti.  The  translation  of  Kautzsch-Ryssel  creates 

39  KOnig,  Syntax,  §  3907- 

40  The  text  of  the  verse  is  doubtful,  and  its  meaning  not  clear.   Cheyne  emends  it  freely 
Duhm  and  Marti  treat  it  as  a  gloss. 

«  "As  if  "  .  .  .  .;  c/.  Revised  Version,  margin,  Kautzsch-Ryssel,  Dillmaim;  "when," 
Revised  Version,  Duhm, 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


15 


an  unnecessary  anacoluthon  between  3a  and  36:  "He  that  kills 
an  ox  (but  at  the  same  time)  slays  a  man  .  .  .  ." 

Remark  3. —  A  nominal  sentence  seems  to  be  governed  by  3 
in  53:36.  Taking  "ifrM  with  Dillmann  and  most  recent  exegetes 
to  be  a  noun  we  may  translate  :  "(He  was)  like  (one)  from  whom 
faces  are  hid."  The  Revised  Version  (margin)  translates:  "He 
hid  as  it  were  (his)  face  from  us."  The  context  favors  strongly 
the  first  translation  (contempt  of  the  people  for  the  suffering 
servant). 

Remark  4. —  In  59:18a  the  second  b?3  is  most  probably  a 
dittography  (Dillmann,  Kautzsch-Ryssel,  Marti)  ;  it  is  a  preposi- 
tion and  requires  a  noun.  Duhm  changes  the  verb  DVlZT  to  a 
noun  DVlzi,  but  such  usage  of  b^lD  does  not  occur  anywhere 
else. 

XIV.     COMPARATIVE    SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1.  Asyndetic  

1 

1 

2.  Apodosis  —  13  

1 

1 

2 

3.  "TOO 

1 

1 

2 

4   "ItDfcb  —  13 

1 

1 

1 

3 

»     T   -                 1  "      

5.     ITES  —  13 

1 

1 

15.  The  following  conjunctions  are  used  in  the  temporal  sen- 
tences : 

(a)  ^3  (a)  with  a  perfect  —  in  the  main  sentence  a  gnomic 
perfect,  40:77;42 

(yS)  with  an  imperfect  (future)  —  in  the  apodosis  imperfect 
(future),  43:2a; 

(7)  with  an  imperfect  (contin.)  —  in  the  main  sentence  a  per- 
fect (present?),  54:67  ;42 

(5)  with  an  imperfect    (iterative)  —  in   the   apodosis  1   con- 
secutive with  the  perfect,  58:77. 

(6)  "TO  with  an  imperfect   (future),  while  in  the  main  sen- 
tence we  find 

(a)   an  imperfect  (future),  42:4/3,  7; 
(/3)  a  jussive  (negative),  62:76. 


*2  The  temporal  use  of  "<3  is  doubtful  in  40  :  7y  ;  54  :  6y.  In  40  :  7y  it  may  be  either  tem- 
poral (G.  A.  Smith,  ad  toe.;  Marti(l),  ad  loc.)  or  causal  (Kautzsch-Ryssel,  Duhm,  Cheyne; 
cf.  Dillmann,  ad  loc.). 


16  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


(c)   D*VB  (only  65:24a)  or  D"]p£  with  an  imperfect  —  and 

(a)  an  imperfect  in  apodosis  :  iterative,  42:97  ;  future,  65:  24a 
(*)  separate  introducing  apodosis). 

(/3)  a  perfect  (historical)  in  apodosis,  48:57;  66:7a,  /3.  (In 
ft  introduced  by  1,  in  a  asyndetic). 

Remark  1.  —  An  independent  sentence  instead  of  a  temporal 
sentence  is  found  in  48:136. 

Remark  2.  —  Infinitive  clauses  governed  by  S,  "]£,  and  tW? 
have  a  temporal  meaning,  52:86;  53:9/3;  55:6a,  £;  57:13a; 
64:2a;  44:77;  48:167. 

16.  (1)  Simple  coordination43  of  sentences  with  a  final  shade 
of  meaning  is  quite  common  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40-66. 

(a)  Imperative  after  an  imperative,  45:22a;  46:8a;"  47: 
28(?);45  55:27;  48:14a. 

(6)  Cohortative  : 

(a)  after  an  imperative,  41:228  (twice),  23£;  49:208;  51: 
238;  55:37; 

(£)  after  a  jussive,  41:  238  ;46  66:5?; 

(7)  after  a  perfect,  41:  26a.47 

(c)    Jussive(?)  (resp.  imperfect  with  jussive  force): 
(a)   after  a  jussive,  45  :  87  ;48  55  :  7y  (  ?)  ; 
(/3)  after  an  imperfect,  46:67  ; 

(7)  after  a  perfect,  41:  26/3  ;47 

(8)  after  a  nominal  sentence,  41:  286.  *9 

(2)  Another  "lighter"  (  ?)50  way  of  expressing  purpose  is  the 
use  of  infinitive  construct  with  b,  quite  frequent  in  Isa.  40-66. 

(3)  Sentences  introduced  by  conjunctions,  all  regular  in  form  ; 
the  imperfect  tense  is  used  : 

(a)  -gttb,  41:20a,  /3;  43:106,  266;  44:98;  45:37,  6<*  ;  66: 
lla,516;51" 

(6)   "jB  (negative:  that  not,  lest),  48:57,  ^7. 

43  A  "lighter"  way  of  expressing  purpose.  Davidson,  §148a,-   c/.   Gesenius-Kautzsch, 
§§108,  2a;  109,  2a;  165a;  Davidson,  §§64,  65. 

44  The  second  imperative  is  a  a?ra£  A.,  its  meaning  uncertain.  *5  Asyndeton. 

«  Continued  by  a  jussive  Kt.  8131  (Marti,  ad  loc.;  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §109eJ;  Oort's 
reading  K^DIi  from  fc$"P»  does  not  fit  Yahweh  as  speaker;  c/.  vs.  21).  Vol.  imperfect 
(Dillmann)  or  rather  imperfect  cohortative;  c/.  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §750- 

*7  After  a  question  ;  c/.  Davidson,  §  65d  ;  from  our  point  of  view,  rather  consequential. 

*8  With  an  emendation:  IfP  '  '  HpTpn  *ti£  ^^  '  H^SnV  fW  HnSPl  ;  the 
transposition  of  rPTQSri  removes  the  syntactical  difficulty  of  the  present  text. 

49  After  a  negative  sentence;  c/.  Davidson,  §  65  (ibid.,  classed  by  mistake  in  65d  inter- 
rogative). 

so  Davidson,  §  1486.  51  Continued  by  1  and  perfect  consecutive. 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


17 


XV.     FINAL    SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1    Syndetic  imperative**^ 

3 

1 

1 

5 

"         conorteitive           . 

5 

3 

1 

9 

Jussive  

3 

1 

i 

5 

Total  

11 

5 

1 

2 

19 

2  wab 

5 

2 

1 

8 

3.     ""JB  (negative)  
4    *  and  infin  construct 

2 

9 

10 

22 

8 

4 

2 

2 
55 

17.   (1)   Consequences  of  a  certain  action  are  stated  some- 
times in 

(a)  an  asyndetic  sentence,  e.  g.,  63:193;  64:18;  or 

(b)  in  a  sentence  connected  with  the  preceding  by  a  *],  e.  #., 
46:56,537/3;  53:26. 

(2)   Special  means  of  indicating  a  result  are : 
(a)   infinitive  clauses   (a)   with   b ;    (ft)   with   "jft   (negative 
consequence).54 

XVI.     CONSEQUENTIAL    SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

1    Asyndetic  

2 

2 

2   Simple  syndetic 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3     b  -j-  infinitive 

1 

1 

2 

4.  T52  4-  infinitive  (nesr.1  .  . 

2 

8 

2 

12 

18.  I.  Parenthetical  sentences  are  used  to  strengthen  or  to 
explain  certain  parts  of  the  main  sentence,  as : 

(1)  (a)  the  subject— God  in  all  cases— 42:8/3;  45:18/3,55 
8;55  51:157;  52:67;  54:5/3,  8;  57:15/3; 

(&)  the  object,  48:6a  (H^S) ,  the  object  of  SlTJj ,  being  also 
the  object  of  IWSlj )  > 

(c)   the  predicate,56  52:14/8,  7; 

&2  Simple  syndesis  with  a  final  shade  of  meaning. 

53Orfinal(?). 

5*  Addendum  (b)  mZJX  with  imperfect  (after  imperfect  future). 

55  After  participles. 

56  The  parenthesis  is  introduced  by  ^5  and  takes  the  place  of  a  causal  sentence  ("  Many 
were  astonished,  because,"  etc.) ;  PiniD'D  to  be  taken  most  probably  with  Duhm,  as  parti- 
ciple hoph.  nntpia . 


18  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

Remark  1. — The  parenthesis  refers  to  the  divine  name 
"BTD,  42:8£;  *1OT  tYtoS  MVP,  51:157;  54:5/357),  to  Yahweh's 
uniqueness  (45:18/3)  and  wonderful  actions  (45:185). 

Remark  2. — hp|M  in  52:67  has  been  translated  as  direct 
discourse  after  ISHp  (Dillmann,  who  compares  40:9;  41:27; 
Kautzsch-Ryssel,  Revised  Version,  margin).  But  (1)  *CfI  alone 
before  direct  discourse  is  unusual ;  (2)  the  parallels  of  Dillmann 
do  not  prove  anything  ("172^  in  40:9;  independent  in  41:27) 
<  Revised  Version,  Duhm,  as  in  (1)  (a)  [Cheyne,  Marti  transfer 
*03M  (or  rather  M5M~"M)  to  the  beginning  of  vs.  7,  which  they 
emend  quite  freely]. 

II.    The  parenthesis  is  used  to  mark  the  direct  discourse.58 

(1)  (a)   It  may  be  the  defective  nominal  sentence  : 

(a)  M1M"1  D&),  usually  at  the  conclusion  of  the  discourse, 
41 : 147,  etc. ; 

(/3)  once  "ftl  s  Tltf  DM  in  the  beginning  of  the  verse,  56 : 80. 

(2)  It  may  be  a  verbal  sentence,  either  with  the  perfect  or 
imperfect  of  ""fiStf  in  predicate. 

(a)   The  perfect  is  used 

(a)  once  with  an  indefinite  subject,  45:24ay 

(/3)  very  commonly  with  M1Mh,  or  similar  expressions  as  sub- 
ject, 45:13?,  etc. 

(b)  The  imperfect  is  used  only  five  times,  40:16,  25  ;  41:21/359 
=  66:9afo  41:21S.59 

Remark  1. — It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  various  ways  in 
which  certain  verses  (or  passages)  are  stamped  in  Isaiah,  chaps. 
40-66,  as  divine  oracles.  We  find  the  following : 

(a)   The  introductory  formulas  :61 

(a)  *Efi  MTT  ^  Mb,  43:14a,  16a;  44:2a,  6a,  24a  ;  45:  la, 
lla,  14a;  48:17a  ;  49:7a,  8«,  25a  ;  52:3a;  56:la;  65:8a; 

(ft)   '*  *fl&  '&  M'3,  49:22a; 

(7)  s  'OftfT*  '»  Mb,   51:22a; 

(8)  M1M*1  b^M   '»  Mb,  42:5a; 

(e)    '«  <#!&"&  Mb  "3,  45:18a;  52:4a; 
(?)   '"Ufien  '«  Mb  ^3,  57:15a; 

57 Addendum:  57:15/3, 
58  Cf.  Remark  2. 

59 ft:  mm  Tafch  n  *:  ipy^  ^btt  TO^, 

60  mm  Ta^l  paraUel  with  ^nb«  "Itttf  in  vs.  9ft. 
6'  Sometimes  with  the  addition  of  various  modifications. 


SYNTAX  OP  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 


(rj)    '"  "fta  'K  H3  ^,   65:13a; 

(0)  mrr  Tg»  nn?%  49:5a; 

(*)   mrr  "?hX  DM,'56:8a.62 

(6)  The  parenthetical  sentences  : 

A.  Verbal  (always  *)£»)  : 

(1)  The  perfect: 

(a)  MVP  IBS,  48:22;  57:196;  59:21  (twice);  65:7/3; 
66:20a,  21,  236;  T 

(ft)  tVliOX  '••  '«,  45:13?; 

(7)  ^Tfttf  T0»  54:65;  66:96.63 
(B)   TO«f'»,  57:21; 

(«)    '*  ^r™  '**»  54:10e. 

(2)  The  imperfect  : 

(a)   DDTlbX  n?^,  40:16; 

(/8)   IZJinj:    s,    40:25;    Op   evidently    a    proper    name;   = 

b^oiir  'p  ?)  ;  T 

<T(V)  mr  '\  41:  21/3  ;64  66:9a;65 

(5)  npr  -rjbtt  '",  41:  215  ;64 

B.  The  nominal  niri"1  DX5   (as  a  rule,  concluding  an  oracle), 
41  :  147;  43:  10a;  43:126;  49:186;  52:5  (twice);  54:175;  55:86; 
59:206;  66:2^,  176,  22a. 

Remark  2.  —  The  use  of  the  imperfect  is  exceptional.  It  is 
variously  explained. 

(a)  Praesens  historicum  (Konig,  §  1596;  cf.  Targ.,  TaK,  Pesh. 
'emar)66  is  improbable,  because  even  the  perfect  TQ^  is  used 
usually  of  oracles,  which  are  present  from  the  speaker's  point  of 
view  (perf.  praesentiae). 

(6)  "The  call  is  not  a  single,  momentary  one  ;  it  is  repeated, 
or  at  least  continued"  (Driver,  §  33a,  O.).     This  would  hardly 
explain  cases  (like  40:16,  256;  41:21/3,  5)  in  which  the  imper- 
fect occurs  at  the  beginning  of  new  sections  ;  repetition  or  dura- 
tion is  hardly  the  important  feature  here. 

(c)  It  seems  that  the  presential  moment  is  emphasized  in 
contrast  with  something  that  happened,  or  used  to  happen  (cf. 
Davidson,  §406).  67 

62  If  the  Massoretic  division  of  verses  (followed,  e.  g.,  by  R.  V.,  Dillmann,  Duhm,  Marti) 
is  correct;  Ewald,  Kautzsch-Ryssel  (following  LXX)  connect  it  with  vs.  7. 


,  vs.  9a.  64  Parallel. 

«»  But  LXX  :  Ae'-yei  Vulg.  :  dicit. 
67  C/.  Duhm  on  40:  1,  "  prasentisch,  zum  Gedichte  passend." 


20  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

XVII.    PARENTHETICAL  SENTENCES. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

Strengthening  (or  explaining) 
(1)  the  subject68 

3 

4 

1 

'2 

8 
2 
1 

(2)  the  predicate  

(3)  the  object  

1 

•  • 

XVIII.     FORMULAS    INDICATING    DIVINE    ORACLES. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

I 

Total 

I.  Introductory: 
1.  Verbal,   consisting   of 

mm  TOK,  etc.69  

12 

7 

2 
1(?) 

4 
1 

2 

5 

1 
3 

•  • 

23 

1 

13 

5 
12 

2.  "i  DtfD  

II.  Parenthetical  :  (a)  verbal, 
(b)  nominal  — 
a.  (1)  containing  the  per- 
fect of  "Vatf69  

2 

4 
3 

2 
5 

(2)  containing   the    im- 
perfect lEfcO69  

b.  (3)  mm  DXD  

SOME    GENERAL    OBSERVATIONS. 

I.     Some  special  points  in  the  syntax  and  style : 

1.  The  copula  in  nominal  sentences  is  very  rare.' 

2.  The  irregular  order  of  words  both  in  nominal  and  verbal 
sentences  is  very  common. 

3.  1  and  a  perfect   occurs   after  a  perfect,   where  historical 
Hebrew  uses  1  consecutive  with  the  imperfect. 

4.  Instead  of  waw  consecutive  with  the  imperfect,  waw  sepa- 
rated is  sometimes  used  with  the  imperfect. 

5.  Commands  are  used  to  introduce  new  sections  (verbs  of 
hearing  and  speaking),  to  add  force  and  color  to  the  discourse, 
to  describe  future  events  in  a  vivid  manner. 

6.  Rhetorical  questions  are  often  used  for  emphatic  positive 
or  negative  statements,  to  express  a  command  or  wish,  doubt  or 
wonder. 

7.  The  negative    particles    fcfcb  and  "p^  sometimes   negate  a 
noun  (like  German  "un-")  ;  pa  ,  -pR] ,  and  "pCl  are  used  like  fcfea 
(r=  without). 

8.  The  asyndetic  relative  sentences  are  used  very  frequently, 
even  as  independent  parts  of  the  main  sentence. 

68  In  all  cases  God.  69  With  various  modifications. 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66  21 

9.  The  preposition    3    passes    into    a    comparative   conjunc- 
tion. 

10.  Purpose  is  more  commonly  expressed  by  simple  syndesis 
(with  a  final  shade  of  meaning),  or  by  an  infinitive  construct  with 
preposition,  than  by  final  sentences. 

11.  Some  points,  which  have  a  bearing  on  the  unity  of  the 
book: 

1.  The  pronominal  subject  with  strengthening  pronominal  or 
nominal  appositions70  is  found  often  in  A  and  B ;  rarely  in  C  ; 
never  in  D,  E,  and  I. 

2.  rm  with  a  participle  instead  of  a  finite  verb  occurs  only 
in  C  (three  times). 

3.  The  proportion  of  syndesis  to  asyndesis  is  ca.  2:1  in  A, 
B,  E,  I ;  2J  :  1  in  C  ;  3  :  1  in  D. 

4.  Chiasm  is  very  common  in  A,  B,  C,  D  ;  wanting  in  E  and  I. 

5.  Restatement  of  a  positive  proposition  in  negative  terms 
(or  vice  versa)  does  not  occur  in  I ;  when  referring  to  Yahweh's 
uniqueness  it  is  found  only  in  A. 

6.  b?l  with  the  perfect  occurs  only  in  A,  with  the  imperfect 
once  in  A,  thrice  in  I.     D3|S  as  a  negative  is  used  only  in  A 
and  B. 

7.  "p^  as  a  causal  conjunction  occurs  only  in  C  and  D. 

8.  Use  of  simple  copulative  waw  (with  the  jussive,  etc.)  with 
a   final  shade   of  meaning  is  frequent  in  A,  B,  I ;  rare  in  D ; 
wanting  in  C  and  E ;  but  the  infinitive  construct  with  b  is  very 
common  in  C,  D,  E,  less  frequent  in  A  and  B. 

9.  Parenthetical  sentences  emphasizing  the  subject  (God,  as  a 
rule)  are  used  three  times  in  A,  four  times  in  B,  once  in  C,  twice 
in  E,  never  in  D  or  I. 

10.  Formulas  marking  the  discourse  as  a  divine  oracle  are 
common  in  A,  B,  C,  D,  wanting  in  E,  I. 

CONCLUSION. 

Syntax  of  the  sentences  can  be  used  as  an  argument  for  sepa- 
rating C  and  D,  and  probably  E  and  I,  from  A  and  B.  It  cannot 
be  used  to  divide  C  and  D.  It  is  interesting  to  note,  that  the 
study  seems  to  confirm,  from  a  different  point  of  view,  the  critical 
conclusions  set  forth  by  recent  exegetes,  especially  by  Duhm  in 
his  commentary. 

70  Usually  divine  names. 


22  SYNTAX  OP  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

APPENDIX  I. 

INFINITIVE    CLAUSES. 

I.  Infinitive  construct71  without  a  preposition : 

(1)  It  occurs  in  40 : 16a ;  46 : 2/3 ;  47  :  ll(/3)72  5,  127 ;  53 : 10a ;  56 : 11)8,  y ; 
58 : 2/3,  5/3,  6/3,  7,  5,  95  (twice),  137 ;  60 : 14a.73 

(2)  The  subject  of  the  infinitive 

A.  is  expressed  by  a  noun  following  the  infinitive,  58 : 5? ; 

B.  is  omitted  (a)  when  it  is  the  same  as  the  subject  of  the  main  sen- 
tence, 42 : 245 ;  46 : 20 ;  47 :  ll(/3)72 5, 127 ;  53 : 10a ;  56 : 11/3, 7 ;  58 : 137 ;  60 : 14a ; 
57:20/9;  58:2/3;  (b)  when  indefinite,  40:16a;  58:95;    (c)  when  parallel 
with  the  subject  of  continuing  finite  verb,  58 : 6/3,  7,  5,  7a. 

(3)  The  object  of  the  infinitive 

A.  is  expressed  (a)  by  a  noun  following  the  infinitive,  46 : 2/3 :  58 : 20, 
5/3,  6a,  /3,  7,  «,  7a,  95,  I3y ;  (6)  by  a  pronominal  suffix,  47  :  ll(/3)5 ;  53 : 10« ; 

B.  is  omitted,  40 : 16a;  56 : 11/3, 7. 

(4)  The  order  of  words  in  the  infinitive  clause  corresponds  usually 
to  the  regular  order  in  the  verbal  sentences :  predicate,  subject  (when 
expressed  otherwise  than  by  a  pronominal  suffix),  object  (when  expressed 
otherwise  than  by  a  pronominal  suffix),  etc.     The  only  exception  is 
42 : 245,74  where  a  prepositional  expression  precedes  the  infinitive ;  this  is 
probably  due  to  special  emphasis75  (Dillmann). 

(5)  The  infinitive  clause  is  (a)  an  object  after  the  verbs  J"Q8  ,  42 : 245  ; 
rP,  47: 11/3;  56:11/3,75  b^,  46:2/3;  47: 117, 127;  57:20/3;  ysn,  53:10«; 
58 : 2/3  ;76  (b)  genitive  after  a  construct,  40 : 16a77  (^) ;  58 : 5/3  (DV) ;  (c)  an 
adverb,  "modi,"  60:14a;78  (d)  an  expression  of  negative  consequence 
58:137  (supply  TJ3  from  rQUDft);   («)  subject  (resumed  after  JT[)»  58: 
60,  7,  «,  7«. 

II.  Infinitive  construct  with  prepositions : 

(1)  (a)  b ,  40 : 205, 225 ;  42 :  la,  /3, 186 ;  43 : 20* ;  44 : 106, 13e,  15a,  190, 286  ; 
45 : 17,  e,  18f;  47  : 14e,  f ;  48 : 96,  177 ;  49 : 57,  6/3,  7,  6,  8«,  £  9a ;  50 : 25,  4/3 
(twice),  5 ;  51 : 13e ;  52 : 40 ;  54 : 166 ;  55 : 20, 75 ;  56 : 16  (twice),  30, 60, 7  (fern.),  *, 
96,  10y,  5;  57:77,  15e,f;  58:40,5,57,125;  59:70,145;  60:97,  11%  137, 
215 ;  61 : 17,  e,  f,  2a,  3a,  0,  6 ;  63 : 16,  126 ;  64 : 17,  60 ;  65 :  8f ;  66 : 156, 18a, 

7J  Absolute  in  42 : 245 ;  57 : 20/3 ;  58 :  7a. 

72  Vs.  11/3  after  emendation. 

73  KOnig,  §  117, 1,  inf.  absolute  in  shortened  form(  1 ) ;  but  inf.  constr.,  §  402d,  b. 
7*  Addendum :  58 :  7a,  where  a  dative  (emphatic)  precedes  the  direct  object. 

75  Aramaism?  (Duhm,  Marti,  et  al.).  76  Add. :  Hiph.  of  *^0  ,  58 :  9S. 

77  Parallel  with  Tlbi?  "H;  c/.  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  45a.    Konig's  designation  (400c), 
uAttributiv-satz,"  is  subject  to  misunderstanding,  especially  because  he  applies  the  same 
name  to  relative  sentences. 

78  An  inf.  absolute  used  in  a  similar  way,  57:17/3,  "IDDH,  "with  a  hiding  (of  my  face)" 
=  in  anger ;  continued  by  1  imperfect ;  c/.  Konig,  §  402d. 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66  23 

236;  (b)  -|B,  44:77,  18/3,  7;  48:4a;  49:15/3;  50:27;79  54:97,S  (twice); 
56  :  27,  8,  65  (=  27)  ;  58  :  13*,  f  (twice)  ;80  59  :  la,  ft,  26  ;  (c)  a  ,  52  :  85  ;  53  :  9ft 
(plur.)  ;  55  :  6a,  6;  57  :  13a  ;  64  :  2a;  47  :  9e,  f  ;79  (d)  Jnlin  ,  60  :  15a;  (e)  fi?£ 
(composite),  48  :  167. 

(2)  The  subject  of  the  infinitive 

A.  is  expressed  (a)  by  a  noun,  47:9e,  f;   51:106;   52:86;   54:97; 
(6)  by  a  pronominal  suffix,  44  :  77  ;  48  :  167  ;81  55  :  60,  6  ;  57  :  13a  ;  60  :  15a  ; 
64:2a; 

B.  but  most  commonly  is  omitted  and  is  to  be  supplied  from  the 
context.     It  is  identical  with  (a)  parts  of  the  main  sentence:   (a)  with 
its  subject,  42  :  7a,  /3,82  186  ;  43  :  20*  ;  44  :  19  ft  ;  48  :  96  ;  49  :  5T,82  8e,82  f,82  15/3  ; 
50  :  4£2  (inf.  governed  by  an  inf.)  ;  51  :  14a,  167  (twice),  8  ;  52  :  4/3  ;  54  :  95  ; 
55:75;  56:17,  5,  2T,83  3/?,  65  (=  2y),  6/3,83  7,   96,    10f;83    57  :  77,   15e,  f; 
58  :  2/3,  4ft  5,  13e,  f  ;  59  :  145  ;  60  :  97  ;  63  :  16,  126  ;83  64  :  6/3  ;83  65  :  8f  ;  66  :  156, 
18/3,  236  ;  (ft)  with  the  object,  40  :  205  ;  44  :  13e  ;  48  :  175  ;  56  :  25  ;  61  :  17,  e,  f, 
3a,  ft  ;84  (y)  with  the  predicate  nominative,  49  :  6/3,85  7  ;  58  :  125  ;   (8)  with  a 
genitive  (noun  or  pron.  suffix)  connected  with  the  subject,  44  :  18/3,  7  ; 
50:27;  53:9/3;  59:  la,  /3,  7/3;  60:215;  61:36;   (e)  with  a  prepositional 
suffix,  50  :  25,  4/31  (Hjnb),  5  ;   (6)  the  subject  of  the  following  verb  (finite), 
60:137;86 

C.  is  indefinite,  40  :  225  ;  44  :  15a  ;87  45  :  18f  (=  40  :  225)  ;  47  :  14«,  f  (f  = 
40:225);  55:2/9;"  60:117;  58:57,87  95. 

(3)  The  object  of  the  infinitive  is  omitted  not  only  with  verbs  which 
are  often  used  without  it  in  finite  forms,89  but  also  in  others,  as 
44:15a(c/.40:16);  tYtran,  51:13*;  rf)D,  55:76;90  r^fi,  58:4/3; 
61:3a;  3^1ZJfrl»  63:16. 

(4)  The  order  of  words  in  the  prepositional  infinitive  clauses  corre- 
sponds usually  to  the  regular  order  in  the  verbal  sentences  :  predicate 
(infinitive),  subject  (when  expressed  otherwise  than  by  a  pronominal 
suffix),  object  (when  expressed  otherwise  than  by  a  pronominal  suffix), 
etc.  (43  cases).   Exceptions  are  due  (a)  to  varying  emphasis,  (6)  to  chiasm  : 
(a)  infinitive,  prepositional  phrase,91  object  (or  pred.  nominative),  45  :  17,  e  ; 
58:45,  57  ;  60:117;  61:le,fc  30;  63:126;  66:157;92  (56:65);   (6)  object, 
infinitive,  49  :  67. 

79  A  different  noun  formation  used  instead  of  an  inf.  ft*HB  in  50:2y  (c/.  59:  la), 
in  47:  9^. 


so  IE  of  the  first  infinitive  (fcOSBE)  to  be  carried  over  also  to  the  second 

81  JTJ—  !  its  meaning  is  not  clear,  probably  a  neuter,  the  things  that  happened  (Dillmann) 
imited  by  some  especially  to  the  work  of  Cyrus  (Duhm,  Marti;  parallel  with  H^S!  in  vs.  14). 

82  But  see  note  (1)  .  83  All  after  a  participle.  84  On  59  :  2&  see  note  (1)  . 

85  So  most  probably  the  Hebrew  text,  Kautzsch-Ryssel. 

86  Cf.  note  (1)  .  87  Cf.  40  :  16a. 

88  The  clause  is  practically  one  concept  governed  by  2  ([that  which  is]  not  [fitj  for 
satisfying  =  poor  food  ;  c/.  Dnb~^b). 

89  E.  g.,  yjOflj  ,  flXI  •  90  This  verb  used  absolutely  in  finite  forms  sometimes. 

91  In  most  cases  the  order  was  undoubtedly  influenced  by  the  close  connection  with 
the  verb. 

92  Reversed  to  the  regular  order  in  S  by  chiasm. 


24  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

(5)  Uses  of  the  infinitive  clauses  with  prepositions. 

A.  With    b:    (a)  purpose,  40:205,   223;    42:7a,  /3,93   186;  43:20e; 
44 : 10&  (negative,  Tlbnb),  13« ;  45 : 17,94  e,94  18f ;  47  : 14e,  f ;  48 : 96  (nega- 
tive Tlbnb);  49:57,94'8e,>,9a;  50:4^,  5;  51 : 106,  167  (twice),  5;  52:4/3; 
54:166;  5.4:2/3;  56:6/3,7,5,  96;  57  : 77, 15*,  f;  58:4/3,5,125;  59:7/3;  60:97, 

,  137,  215;  61:17,  e,  f,  2a,  3a,  /3,  6;  63:126;  64:17,  6/3;  65:8r(neg. 
;  66:156,  18/3,236;  (6)  consequence,  44:19/3;  50:25;95  (c)  expli- 
cativum,  44: 28/3  ;96  56:3/3.  ib^b  is  remarkably  rare,  after  a  verb  of 
speaking  introducing  a  direct  discourse  only  in  56 :3/3;  (d)  specification  (?), 
modifying  an  adjective,97  56 : 16  (twice) ;  63 : 16 ;  (e)  indirect  object,98 
51:14a;  58:57;  (/)  direct  object,  50.-4/32  (after  ttnb);  51 : 13e  (after 
"D-D) ;  55 : 75  (after  i"J2fP) ;  55 : 107  (after  SjteV),  f  (after  partic.  constr.[!] 
"QJl&O ;"  (0)  predicate  accusative,  48 : 175(?)  ;100  (h)  predicate  nominative, 
44:~15a(f);100  (i)  subject,  49:6/3,  7. 

B.  With  a  :  (a)  temporal,  52 : 86 ;  53 : 9/3 ;  55 :  6a,  ft ;  57  : 13a ;  64 :  2a  ;101 
(6)  concessive,  47  :  9e,  f. 

C.  With  "p  :  (a)  temporal,  44 :  77 ;  48 : 167  (WJ) ;  (6)  negative  con- 
sequence,102 49  : 15/3 ;   44 : 18/3,  7  ;   50 : 27 ;   56 :  27,  5,  65  (=  27) ;   58 : 13e,  f ; 
59 :  la,  j8,  26 ;   (c)  negative  object  clause,  54 : 9  (thrice)  ;103    (d)  causal, 
48 :  4a. 

D.  With   ftnn    the  infinitive   clause  is   practically  a   substantive, 
60 : 15a  ||  '$  mfi$&  and  ^  'vftXfa  (exchange).104 

NOTES. 

1.  Owing  to  the  nominal  character  of  the  infinitives,  the  need  of 
expressing  a  subject  or  object  was  not  so  much  felt  as  in  the  common 
verbal  sentence.  Even  the  context,  our  best  guide,  fails  to  help  us  in 
several  cases  to  discover  the  unexpressed  subject  of  an  infinitive  clause. 
Attempts  have  been  made  to  reason  it  out  by  general  considerations 
(circumstances,  theology,  etc.),  with  varying  success ;  some  cases  remain 
very  doubtful,  as  42 :  7a,  /3,  where  we  have  three  views : 

(a)  The  subject  is  the  '*•  ^QJ?  because  of  49 : 5  sq.  (Dillmann). 

(6)  The  subject  is  Yahweh  himself,  as  in  49 : 6,  (a)  because  in  2  Isaiah 
Yahweh  himself  is  the  chief  actor,  using  men  only  occasionally  as  his 
instruments,  like  Cyrus  (Duhm) ;  (/?)  to  take  Israel  ( s  *Q3?)  as  subject 
makes  an  ill-balanced  sentence  ("einen  schleppenden  Satz;"    Marti; 
rather  forced  and  fanciful). 

93  See  note  (2)  ad  loc.  94  Continued  by  "1  separ.  and  imperfect. 

95  Cf.  KOnig,  §  4066.  96  Cf.  note  (5)  ad  loc. 

9?  Similar  to  the  Latin  supine;  cf.  Allen  and  Greenough,  Latin  Grammar,  %  303. 
98  KOnig,  §  3996.  99  Addendum,  59 : 148  (after  bDn)  • 

100  Or  is  it  final  ?  101  Probably  with  a  causal  shade  of  meaning. 

102  Cf.  Brown's  Lexicon,  p.  583  under  76 ;  Konig,  §  406».  103  c/.  KOnig,  §  406*. 

10*  Grouped  by  Konig  (§  403)  among  causal-infinitives ;  but  the  emphasis  is  on  the  con- 
trast between  the  present  desolation  and  the  future  glory,  which  Yahweh  will  bring  about 
in  its  place  (vs.  156;  cf.  vs.  17 ;  61 :3;  Duhm,  ad  loc. ;  Kautzsch-Ryssel ;  Dillmann). 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66  25 

(c)  It  is  admitted  that  grammatically  both  constructions  are  possible 
(cf.  Dillmann  and  Marti,  ad  loc.) ;  on  general  grounds,  Duhm's  opinion 
seems  to  be  the  stronger  one. 

58 : 67 :  The  subject  is  possibly  indefinite ;  but  the  suffix  'ITZJfcO  (and 
the  third  person  sing.  masc.  in  the  continuing  finite  verb)  favors  DIU^  of 
the  preceding  clause. 

59:26:  Though  the  connection  between  "face"  and  "hearing"  is 
somewhat  awkward,  the  subject  of  2TG11J7-  is  evidently  implied  in  D^DS 
(used  for  the  face  of  God,  God  in  his  relation  to  man ;  cf.  Duhm,  Marti, 
et  al.). 

In  60 : 136  the  trees  enumerated  in  13a  might  be  taken  as  subjects  of 
"ijssb  ;  two  things  are  against  it :  (a)  first  person  is  used  in  135 ;  (/3)  the 
usual  subject  of  1&O ,  whether  used  in  Piel  or  Hithp.,  in  Isaiah,  chaps. 
40-66,  is  Yahweh  (55 : 5 ;  60 :  7  ;  cf.  60 : 21 ;  61 : 3,  etc.). 

2.  It  is  very  hard  to  draw  a  line  always  between  the  different  uses 
of  the  infinitive  clause  governed  by  b  •     From  the  primary  meaning  of 
the  preposition105  many   different  uses  have   developed,  indicating,  in 
general,  the  goal  or  aim  of  a  certain  action,  then  even  introducing  an 
object-clause  (cf.  b  with  a  nominal  object),  or  a  subject -clause  (due  to 
analogy  ?). 

In  42 :  7a,  /3  the  infinitives  have  been  regarded  as  gerundiva  (explica- 
tive :  opening  the  eyes,  etc.)  by  Duhm  and  Marti ;  as  final  infinitives  by 
Dillmann,  Kautzsch-Ryssel,  et  al.  The  latter  seems  more  plausible  and 
fits  easier  into  the  context  (vs.  7  giving  the  purpose  of  the  divine  call  of 
the  servant  of  vs.  6). 

56 : 16 :  The  two  infinitives  have  been  classed  by  KOnig  with  the 
object-clauses  (§  399w),  but  rQ'inp  is  an  adjective.  The  primary  mean- 

»  T  'l 

ing  of  b 105  plays  its  part  here  in  the  selection  of  the  preposition :  "near 
to"(war<l).106 

3.  The  infinitive  clause  in  64 :  2a  connects  very  poorly  with  vs.  26 
(MT.,R.V.,  "  When  thou  didst  terrible  things  ....  thou  earnest  down  "), 
better  with  vs.  16,  ".  .  .  .  nations  may  tremble,  when  [because]  thou 

doest  terrible  things "    Vs.  26  is  most   probably  a  gloss,  which 

came  from  63 : 196  (Dillmann,  Duhm,  Kautzsch-Ryssel,  et  al.). 

4.  52 : 147,  8,  "32  with  nouns  representing  shortened  infinitive-clauses, 
e.  9-,  TZh*  fit™  -107 

5.  In  44 : 286  hbtfbl  continuing  a  finite  verb  is  rather  unusual ;  *\  may 
be  epexegetical  (=  German  "und  zwar ;"  cf.  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  114  p.), 
but  it  seems  best  with  Kautzsch-Ryssel  to  strike  it  out  (after  Oort) ;  Dill- 
mann would  emend  it  to  T^l ,  or  to  *i;CXn ;  (so  also  Marti) ;  Duhm 
strikes  out  44 : 286  as  a  gloss  (variant  to  266). 

6.  Addendum:    2)  +  infinitive,  64:  la.     Subject  noun,  object  noun; 
order  regular ;  comparison,  continued  by  an  asyndetic  verbal  sentence 
(imperfect  iterative). 

105  Indicating  direction  (mostly  ideal) ;  see  Davidson,  §  101  Rb ;  Gesenius-Kautzsch,  §  114 sq. 
iw>  Likewise  after  verbs  of  coming,  going,  etc.  107  Cf.  Konig,  §  406n. 


26  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66 

APPENDIX  II. 

USE   OF   THE   PAKTIOIPLES   IN   ISAIAH,    CHAPS.    10-66. 

The  participle  presents  some  difficulties  of  treatment  on  account  of 
its  double  nature  (verbal  +  nominal).  There  are  some  participles  fre- 
quently used  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40-66,  which  are  used  as  common  nouns 
(e>  Q->  bfrfo  >  W'"1  >  etc.),  and  need  not  be  considered  here.  Even  if  we 
exclude  those,  the  use  of  participles  may  be  called  large. 

I.    WITH   THE   AETICLE. 

The  determined  participle  is  used 

(a)  as  subject,  40  :  26a108  (?)  ;  42  :  17  (twice)  ;  45  :  2061,  47  :  136;  46  :  6a  ; 
57  :  136;  59  :  56;  63  :  116  (twice)  ;  65  :  16a,  6  (passive),  206;  66  :  17a  (twice)  ; 
59  :  55  (passive)  ; 

(6)  as  predicate,  44  :  266,  27a,  28a;  45  :  36,  51  :  96,  10  (twice)  ;  52  :  66  ; 

(c)  as  attribute,109  43  :  16a,  17a;  47  :  8a  ; 

(d)  in  apposition  to  a  noun,109  46:36;  48:  la  (?);  57:5a  (passive); 
65  :  26,  3a,  4  sq.  (three  times)  ; 

(e)  as  a  vocative,  62  :  66;  65  :  11  (three  times); 

(/)  as  a  genitive  after  a  noun  in  the  construct  state,  43  :  7  a  (passive)  ; 
45  :  246  (passive)  ;  66  :  106  ; 

(g)  more  or  less  independently,  40  :  22a,  6,  23a  ;  51  :  206. 

II.     WITHOUT   THE   ARTICLE. 

The  undetermined  participle  occurs  in  Isaiah,  chaps.  40-66, 

(a)  as  subject,110  (a)  41:  4ft  7a  ;  43:156;  45:206;  46  :  16  m  (passive)  ; 
49:106,176;  51:lla,  196;  54:5a;  57:15(2);  59:15/3;  61:6/3;  62:9a,  6; 
(ft)  in  negative  sentence  with  -p£,  41:266  (3);  43:116,  13/3;  47:156; 
51:18a,  6;  [ad.  (a)  47:136,  Q]  (a)  "54:106;  50:8a;  63:12sg.  (3);  66:3a 
(4);  (£)59:4a,/3,  16/3;  63:5a,0;  64:6a,/3; 

(6)  as  predicate,  40  :  10/3  ;  41  :  13a,  17a  ;  42  :  96  ;  43  :  3/3,  19a,  256  ;  45  :  7 
(5);  44:246  (3),  26a;  46:  la,  16  (passive);  45:196  (2);  48:136,  176(2); 
49:10,  266(2);  50:10a2;  51:106,  12a,  15a,  19a;  52:56  (passive),  12  (2); 
54:10a,  lla;  53:3a  (2,  passive),  5a  (2,  passive),  7a?  (passive);  56:46; 
57  :  1/3  ;  60  :  166  ;  61  :  8a,  p  ;  64  :  76  ;  65  :  246  ;  66  :  3  (3),  12«,  22a2,  22al  ;112 

(c)  as  attribute,  40  :  28/3  ;  40  :  29a  ;  42  :  5  (4)  ;  43  :  la  ;  44  :  24/3  ;  45  :  15a, 
6,  2l7;,18(3);  48:12  (passive);  51:13(3),  20a  (passive);  54:16/3,  7;  56: 
26  (2),  3/3,113  6a,  8a,  106  (3[?]);  49:5a;  65:2a;  66:5,  12/3,  19a; 


108  Defective  answer  to  a  question  (?).  m  Text  uncertain. 

109  Sometimes  impossible  to  distinguish.  112  65  :  17a,  18a,  b;  66  :  66(7). 

no  Addendum  :  66  :  17a.  us  With  a  slight  emendation, 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  SENTENCES  IN  ISAIAH  40-66  27 

(d)  in  apposition  to  a  noun,114  46 : 10a,  6,  lla ;  57  : 36,  56;  65 : 36  (2) ; 

(e)  as  a  vocative,  51 :  la,  7a ;  51 : 216;  52 : 116;  65 :  lla ; 

(/)  as  a  genitive  after  a  noun  in  construct  state,  40 :  3a,115  6a  ;115  52 :  7  ; 
60:14a, /3;  56:6J31;  59:87;  61:96;  66:10a; 

(g)  as  object :  41 :  la ;  44 : 20a  ;116  56 : 662  ;m  64 : 4  (2) ;  65 :  9a ;  49 : 26a ; 
(h)  as  predicate  nominative,  47 : 137 ;  59 :  2a,m  15a,117  /3  ;117  63 :  86  ; 
(i)  predicate  accusative,  53 : 46  (3,  passive) ; 
(k)  with  preposition,  63 : 26  (3) ; 
(/)  after  ^H ,  45 :  9a,  10a ; 
(m)  independent,  41 : 76(  ?). 

11*  Sometimes  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  attribute, 
us  After  bip  (exclamat.). 

ii6  Casus  pendens  resumed  by  a  pronominal  suffix  of  the  verb, 
in  With  J-pn  =  finite  verb. 


VITA. 

•v 

I,  Alois  Barta,  was  born  in  C6slav,  in  eastern  Bohemia,  on 
the  28th  day  of  July,  1874.  After  attending  for  five  years  the 
parochial  school  of  the  Reformed  Church,  I  studied  in  the  gym- 
nasium of  Caslav,  Nemecky  Brod,  and  Kolin,  and  received  a 
certificate  of  maturity  for  university  study  with  honors  in  Kolin 
on  June  20,  1892.  I  took  then  the  regular  course  in  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  of  New  York,  and  graduated  therefrom  on 
May  14,  1895.  After  a  year's  pastorate  in  Weston,  Nebraska,  I 
entered  the  University  of  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1896  and  spent 
therein  eleven  and  a  half  quarters,  pursuing  my  studies  in  the 
departments  of  Old  Testament  Literature  and  Exegesis  and  of 
Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  with  gratefulness  my  great  obligations 
to  my  teachers,  especially  to  the  Rev.  Vincent  Dusek  and  Pro- 
fessor Francis  Krsek,  both  of  Kolin ;  to  Professors  Francis 
Brown  and  Charles  P.  Fagnani,  of  Union  Seminary  ;  to  President 
William  R.  Harper  and  Professors  George  S.  Goodspeed,  Robert 
F.  Harper,  Ira  M.  Price,  and  James  H.  Breasted,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago. 


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